Azorean Rocky Coastal Vegetation
The most common coastal habitat in the Azores is exposed lava (mainly andesitic cliffs and sharp basaltic rocks) with some of the older areas now subject to considerable coastal erosion. In places the exposure is extremely intense. On the north-facing Cachorro coastline on Pico Island, for example, storms with strong winds and high waves can occur all year round with waves often reaching 7 m in height and washing upslope for 20 m or more. Such places are often devoid of vegetation. Also at Cachorro the geological structure of the pahoehoe basaltic lavas often give rise to almost flat coastal platforms that are difficult for plants to colonize, but in fissures the endemic Spergularia azorica (Caryophyllaceae) often forms the pioneer zone of maritime vascular plants together with Asplenium marinum and species of Atriplex - a second zone is often characterized by the endemic grass Festuca petraea (Poaceae). Even in less exposed situations the vegetation is usually sparse with percentage cover often below 30% but species diversity increases. Aspenium marinum, Crithmum maritimum and Solidago sempervirens are usually the most conspicuous species but endemic taxa in addition to the ones mentioned above such as Azorina vidalii (Campanulaceae), Corema album subsp. azorica (Empetraceae) and Euphorbia azorica (Euphorbiaceae) may also be present. Where the coastal belt is quite wide there can be a degree of structural diversity with shrubs and various sized herbaceous species. Very steep coastal, rocky slopes are difficult to survey but are known to be important for a number of rare endemic species. On Terceira Island, for example, these may support the Azorean endemics Euphorbia stygiana (Euphorbiaceae) and Lactuca watsoniana (Asteraceae) and the Macaronesian endemics Diphasium madeirense (Lycopodiaceae) and Smilax canariensis (Smilacaceae). Landward of the coastal fringe, maritime grassland dominated by either Cynodon dactylon or the endemic Agrostis azorica (Poaceae) is often one of the main vegetation types.
Azorean Coastal Shrublands
These formations represent the most landward belt of coastal zonation and represent a transition to non-maritime vegetation. Three types are recognized in the central islands - Erica azorica shrubland, Myrica faya shrubland and mixed shrubland. In the first of these the endemic Erica azorica (Ericaceae) can, in places, form almost monospecific stands especially in areas subject to strong ocean winds. In these situations this sparse community can reach heights of up to 1.5 m and is typically without stratification. Myrica faya formations are also typically poor in both floristic and structural diversity. They occur in less exposed situations, usually on poor substrata such as recent lava and where freshwater availability is low during summer periods. In more favourable areas, in terms of shelter and hydrology more complex, mixed communities occur. This are characterized by species such as Myrica faya, Myrsine africana, Pittorsporum undulatum and the endemic Erica azorica (Ericaceae) and Juniperus brevifolia (Cupressaceae). The bushy undergrowth may include Crithmum maritimum, Silene vulgaris ssp. marina and the endemic Coreme album subsp. azoricum (Empetraceae), while herbaceous elements may comprise the endemic Carex hochstetteriana (Cyperaceae), Daucus carota ssp. azorica (Apiaceae) and Festuca petraea (Poaceae). However, these rich coastal shrublands are becoming increasingly rare.
Azorean Dunes and Shingle Vegetation
Extensive dune systems, such as in the bay at Praia da Vitória (Terceira Island) are rare in the Azores. Most are just small sandy beaches with scattered stands of Salsola kali. However, the scattered shingle beaches support several endemics including Euphorbia azorica (Euphorbiaceae) and Spergularia azorica (Caryophyllaceae).
Azorean Grasslands
Four endemic grassland formations occur in the Azores - Holcus rigidus grassland, Festuca petraea grassland, Festuca jubata grassland and Deschampsia foliosa grassland. Grassland dominated by the endemic Holcus rigidus (Poaceae) is confined to lower mountain slopes and can be found, for example, at the base of Rocha of Juncal (Terceira), Caldeira of St Bárbara (Terceira) and Caldeira of Faial (Faial). The most extensive area is in the Caldeira of St Bárbara. In wetter areas associated species include Eleocharis multicaulis, Juncus effusus, Mentha aquatica, Sphagnum palustris and the endemic Tolpis azorica (Asteraceae). In areas of better drainage a greater diversity of species can be found and typically include Blechnum spicant, Holcus lanatus, Poa trivialis, Pteridium aquilinum and the endemic Agrostis gracililaxa (Poaceae) and Erica azorica (Ericaceae). There may also be a number of rare endemic species like Lactuca watsoniana (Asteraceae), Leontodon rigen (Asteraceae), and Pericallis malvifolia (Asteraceae). Grassland dominated by the endemic Festuca petraea (Poaceae) is a coastal formation that has already been referred to under the coastal section, whereas grassland dominated by the endemic Festuca jubata (Poaceae) is a mountain formation. These two species rarely come into contact the exception being on the islands of Corvo and Flores where there are extensive transitions from coastal to mountain grasslands. In mountain grassland Festuca jubata often forms regular cushions and is thought to have a soil fixation function. Associated species typically include Centaurium scilloides, Holcus lanatus, Poa trivialis, Selaginella kraussiana and the endemic Lysimachia azorica (Myrsinaceae). Grassland dominated by the endemic Deschampsia foliosa (Poaceae) is confined to the summits of the highest mountains and above the altitudinal limit of trees. It is adapted to extreme climatic conditions of low temperatures and strong winds. These grasslands are usually made up of a series of Deschampsia cushions and the few associated species such as Centaurium scilloides, Holcus rigidus and Selaginella krussiana. Several bryophytes often use Deschampsia cushions for shelter.
Azorean Wetlands
Wetlands including areas of standing water are of great ecological importance in the Azores. Large oligotrophic lakes, mainly caldera lakes, are a major feature of the landscape and some of these are incredibly deep. Lagoa da Caldeira Negra (Flores), for example, has a depth of about 108 m. Small lagoons are also numerous and these often support bottom dwelling and marginal communities characterised by species such as Callitriche stagnalis, Cyperus alternifolius, C. longus, Eleocharis multicaulis, E. palustris, Juncus articulatus, Littorella uniflora and the endemic Isoetes azorica (Isoetaceae). In other wetland areas where permanent saturation occurs other wetland species like Galium palustre, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Juncus effusus, Osmunda regalis, Rumex conglomeratus and the endemic Dryopteris azorica (Dryopteridaceae) and Lysimachia azorica (Myrsinaceae) may be encountered.
Azorean Laurel Forest
These broad-leaved evergreen forest, are largely dominated by Laurus azorica (a Macaronesian endemic) and Myrica faya and are considered to be the natural climax vegetation up to an altitude of about 600m. Similar laurel forests can be found in Madeira and the Canaries, and all are thought to be the relicts of vegetation that was once widespread in southern Europe before climatic cooling during the Pleistocene. These macaronesian forests are rich in endemics. On the Azores they include Ilex perado subsp. azorica (Aquifoliaceae) and Notelaea azorica (Oleaceae) among the trees, Euphorbia stygiana (Euphorbiaceae), Picconia azorica (Oleaceae), Prunus lusitanics ssp. azorica (Rosaceae), Rubus hochstetterorum (Rosaceae), Vaccinium cylindraceum (Ericaceae), Viburnum tinus var. subcordatum (Adoxaceae) among the shrubs and Hypericum foliosum (Hypericaceae), Rubia peregrina var. azorica (Rubiaceae), Sanicula azorica (Apiaceae), Senecio malvaefolius (Asteraceae), Lactuca watsoniana (Asteraceae) and Selaginalla azorica in the field layer. In the central islands three sub formations are recognized – mesic forest, humid forest and hyper-humid forest. In mesic forest the environmental conditions are characterized by moderate winds, high levels of precipitation and low humidity, and usually have high levels of floristic diversity. Among the trees there is typically a high level of codominance. In addition to Larus azorica include Myrica faya and the endemic Frangula azorica (Rhamnaceae) and Picconia azorica (Oleaceae). The herbaceous layer is usually dominated by pteridophytes like Diplasium caudata and the endemic Dryopteris azorica and D. crispifolia (Dryopteridaceae). Other herbaceous elements may include the endemic Bellis azorica (Asteraceae), Platanthera azorica and P. micrantha (Orchidaceae). Humid laurel forests have elevated levels of both floristic and structural diversity and as implied occur in areas of high atmospheric humidity and rainfall, and usually have a degree of soil saturation at certain parts of the year. In addition the Laurus azorica they are typically dominated by the endemic Erica azorica (Eriaceae), Frangula azorica (Rhamnaceae) and Ilex perado subsp. azorica (Aquifoliaceae). Ferns again dominate the herbaceous layer with species such as Diplazium caudatum, Dryopteris affinis, Pteris incompleta and the endemic Dryopteris azorica (Dryopteridaceae). Hyper-humid laurel forests occur at high altitudes where human intervention has been less pronounced and as a consequence these now represent the commonest form of laurel forest in the Azores. Both strong humid winds and high levels of precipitation characterize the environment of these upland areas. In floristic terms, one of the main differences between these and other laurel forest is the absence of Erica azorica, which is replaced by its upland counterpart the endemic Vaccinium cylindraceum (Ericaceae). They also tend to have a less complex vertical structure but a more complex horizontal structure with many hummocks and hollow. Many of the low-lying areas are permanently saturated making germination difficult. Nevertheless, the herbaceous ground layer is well developed particularly with species such as Culcita macrocarpa and the endemic Dryopteris azorica, but the filmy fern Trichomanes speciosum may also be common.
Azorean Fayal Forest
Forest dominated by Myrica faya (fayal) mostly develops on recently developed lava soils rich in potassium. The local climate also has to be moderate with reduced exposure, moderate temperatures and good amounts of precipitation. They tend to have a simple structure but the endemic tree Picconia azorica (Oleaceae) is often a conspicuous component. At ground level the herbaceous layer typically includes the endemic Carex hochstetteriana (Cyperceae) and Polypodium azoricum (Polypodiaceae).
Azorean Cloud Forest (Ilex Forest)
Forest dominated by the endemic Ilex perado subsp. azorica (Aquifoliaceae), also know as cloud forest is, as implied, confined to areas of almost permanent cloud cover and extremely high humidity. This occurs at altitudes of between 700-900 m usually on north-facing slopes. These forests also tend to be associated with acidic lavas, and as such the forest floor is often composed of peat, which is more or less permanently saturated. At ground level there is also a degree of horizontal structure with various hummocks and hollows with varying degrees of wetness. Ilex perado usually emerges above a canopy dominated by the endemic Juniperus brevifolia (Cupressaceae) and Vaccinium cylindraceum (Ericaceae). The herbaceous ground layer is largely dominated by pteridophytes like Culcita macrocarpa, Dryopteris aemula and Trichomanes speciosum, and as with all cloud forests, the epiphytic flora is well developed with species such as the filmy fern Hymenophyllum tunbrigense and the Macaronesian endemic Elaphoglossum semicylindraceum (Elaphoglossaceae).
Azorean Juniper Forest
Forest dominated by the endemic Juniperus brevifolia (Cupressaceae) is confined to areas of extreme wetness and strong winds and typically occurs on exposed mountaintops. In the central islands two types are recognized – juniper forest and juniper forested peat land. In the former there is usually a continuous and fairly uniform layer of juniper often with a three-tiered structure comprising a canopy up to 4.5 m high, a shrub layer and a herbaceous layer. However, these forests are often so dense that little can grow on the darkened forest floor. The epiphytic flora, on the other hand, is often well developed and includes a distinctive epiphytic bryo-community that can completely envelop juniper branches. In the case of juniper forest on peat bog, the juniper trees form a sparse canopy while Sphagnum and other bog mosses dominate the underlying peat. On Terceira, there is also forest co dominated by Juniperus brevifolia and the endemic Ilex parado ssp. azorica (Aquifoliaceae). Associated species here include Culcita macrocarpa, Laurus azorica, Myrsine africana and the endemic Vaccinium cylindraceum (Ericaceae).
Azorean Erica woodland
Above about 600m the laurel forest peters out and is replaced by woodland mainly composed of the endemic Erica azorica (Ericaceae) which can grows to a height of about 6m. The endemic Juniper brevifolia (Cupressaceae) is also common in this zone. The shrub layer typically includes Hedera canariensis and Myrsine africana, while endemics such as Bellis azorica (Asteraceae) and Lysimachis azorica (Myrsinaceae) can be found in the field layer. In places, these woodlands have been converted to grazing pasture but surprisingly these areas can still support up to 14 endemics including Carex azorica (Cyperaceae) and Doboecia azorica (Ericaceae).
Azorean Upland Calluna Heath
In the zones above 1500m Calluna vulgaris becomes the dominant heathland species although patches of the endemic Doboecia azorica (Ericaceae) may also occur, while the summit rocks include arctic-alpine bryophytes, particularly Gymnomitrium adustum and Racomitrium lanuginosum.
Azorean Shrublands
Shrublands are scattered throughout the islands and may be dense or open or in some cases have emergent trees. The shrubs can be low growing like Calluna vulgaris, Thymus caespititius and the endemic Daboecia azorica (Ericaceae) or semi-arborescent such as Myrica faya, Laurus azorica and Juniperus brevifolia. Several types have been described. Erica mixed shrubland occurs on acid gravel slopes and is dominated by the endemic Erica azorica (Ericaceae) together with the endemic Juniperus brevifolia (Cupressaceae). These are open communities interspersed with scattered grasslands with species such as the endemic Holcus rigidus and Festuca petraeae (Poaceae), together with Huperzia selago, Lycopodium cernuum and the endemic Tolpis azorica (Asteraceae). Euphorbia shrublands dominated by the endemic Euphorbia stygiana (Euphorbiaceae) are usually small, scattered communities often associated with some form of disturbance. They are mostly seen on mountain slopes or deposits associated with slopes. Lajido shrublands are associated with so-called lajido formations – a term used on Pico Island to describe flat basaltic compact lavas where root penetration is almost impossible. The species that manage to colonise these areas are mainly found in fissures and typically include Calluna vulgaris, Laurus azorica, Myrsine africana, Thymus caespititius and the endemic Erica azorica and Daboecia azorica (Ericaceae). Volcanic sand shrubland is also distinctive but mainly confined to just three locations – Graciosa (Pico Timão), Cabeco do Fogo (Faial) and the ‘sand mountain’ (Pico). Typical species include Thymus caespititius, the endemic Corema album subsp. azoricum (Empetraceae) and Daboecia azorica (Ericaceae), together with herbaceous taxa like Centaurium scilloides, the endemic orchid Plantanthera micrantha (Orchidaceae), and the moss Racomitrium lanuginosu.
Further information required.
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