Northern Chilean-Southern Peruvian Arroyo (stream system) Scrublands

Open but fairly rich assemblages of shrubs are associated with arroyo systems. In the Atacama permanent scrub communities occur in the drainage areas associated with the Quebrada Pan de Azúcar. Here there are open stands of the endemic Nolana divaricata and N. leptophylla (Nolanaceae) which in places are accompanied by Eremocharis fruticosa, Tetragonia maritima and the endemic Loasa chilensis (Loasaceae) and Nolana mollis (Solanaceae). The latter species becomes dominant in certain areas. Where growing conditions are favourable other species such as Heliotropium linarifolium, Loasa elongata, Ophryosporus triangularis and the endemic Oxyphyllum ulicinum (Asteraceae) may be present. Semi-woody perennials like the endemic Frankenia chilensis (Frankeniaceae) and Nolana salsoloides (Nolanaceae) may also be encountered but these are low growing. Ground layer herbaceous species are limited but can be plentiful in years with significant rainfall. For example, dense populations of the endemic annuals Astragalus coquimbensis (Fabaceae) and Nolana aplocaryoides (Nolanaceae) can occur. However, these communities tend to be extremely dynamic and community structure can vary from year to year depending on levels of rainfall.

 

Northern Chilean-Southern Peruvian Bajada Scrub Formations

On bajada (descent) slopes near the coast where runoff water accumulates there are distinctive scrub formations. In the Atacama the dominant species include the endemic Gypothamnium pinifolium (Asteraceae) and Nolana mollis (Nolanaceae). Other important shrubs are Eremocharis fruticosa, Heliotropium pyncnophyllum, Ophryosporus triangularis, Tetragonium maritima and the endemic Polyachyrus fuscus (Asteraceae). Some of the above species can also be found in the arroyo formations, but endemic species such as Deuterocohnia chrysantha (Bromeliaceae), Encelia canescens (Asteraceae) and Euphorbia lactiflua (Euphorbiaceae) are rocky slope specialists. Herbaceous plants are virtually non-existent during dry years, but in wet years there can be impressive displays of both annual and perennial species. Abundant species include the endemic Argylia radiata (Bignoniaceae), Cistanthe grandiflora (Portulaceae) and Cruckshanksia pumila (Rubiaceae). However, like the arroyo formations, these plant communities are highly dynamic and may vary from year to year.  Certain species such as Gypothamnium pinifolium require two years of good rainfall before they can become successfully established.

 

Northern Chilean-Southern Peruvian Cactus Plains

Cacti are usually characteristic of flat areas where soil texture is course and unfavourable for shrub species. The most common species are members of the endemic or near endemic genus Copiapoa (Cactaceae). For example, on some of the flat plains in the Atacama the endemic Copiapoa cinerea var. columna-alba (Cactaceae) can form almost monospecific stands. Small geophytic cactus such as the endemic Neoporteria esmeraldana (Cactaceae) may also be present. These typically grow under a fine layer of quartz sand. In places endemic species such as Copiapoa longistaminea, C. serpentisulcata as well as C. cinerea form large mounds measuring up to 1 m in diameter and about 60 cm high. Apart from cacti scattered shrubs such as Heliotropium pycnophyllum, Tetragonium maritima and the endemic Gypothamnium pinifolium (Asteraceae) may also be present, while other associated species may include the endemic or near endemic Frankenia chilensis (Frankeniaceae) and Polyachyrus fuscus (Asteraceae).

 

Northern Chilean-Southern Peruvian Fog Zone (Lomas) Formations

Found in both the Peruvian and Atacama deserts these are best developed on the upper slopes of the coastal escarpments at altitudes between about 200-1500 m. It is here that the combined effects of onshore moisture laden fogs and steep topography create condensation. The fogginess also reduces solar radiation, which in turn reduces levels of evapotranspiration. Consequently, canopy cover can be up to 30% or more. In the Atacama, cacti such as the endemic Echinopsis deserticola and Eulychnia saint-pieana (Cactaceae) and shrubs such as the endemic Euphorbia lactiflua (Euphorbiaceae) can reach heights of 2 m or more. Other charactersitic shrubs include Stachys pannosa and the endemic Balbisia peduncularis (Geraniaceae), Centaurea cachinalensis (Asteraceae), Heliotropium taltalense (Boraginaceae) and Nolana leptophylla (Nolanaceae), while locally common species include Puya boliviensis and the endemic Oxalis gigantea (Oxalidaceae). The high relative humidity also provides conditions suitable for epiphytic species such as fruticose lichens and the endemic vascular plant Tillandsia geissei (Bromeliaceae). However, herbaceous ground layer species are only common during period of relatively high rainfall despite the fog and there are virtually no annual species. This is surprising considering their relative abundance on the dryer slopes at lower elevations. In the lomas of southern Peru on the coastal range of Arequipa about 80 vascular plant species have been recorded between altitudes of 300-1000 m and it is reckoned that about 80% of the flora is endemic. Among these are Chenopodium petiolare (Chenopodiaceae), Cristaria divaricata (Combretaceae), Encelia canescens (Asteraceae), Loasa urens (Loasaceae) and Nolana arenicola (Nolanaceae). The best know lomas formation in Peru is the Lomas de Lachay about 60 km north of Lima. Above about 300 m distinctive formations occur on the hillsides and canyons. These are often dominated by endemic taxa such as Acmella alba (Asteraceae), Croton ruizianus (Euphorbiaceae), Galinsoga caligensis (Asteraceae), Hebecladus umbellatus (Solanaceae), Nicotiana paniculata (Solanaceae), Senecio albadianus (Astereaceae) and Solanum montanum (Solanaceae).

 

Northern Chilean-Southern Peruvian Coastal Dunes

These occur in various coastal locations and species composition seems to vary from place to place. In the Pan de Azúcar National Park, the characteristic dune species include Tiquilia littoralis and the endemic Euphorbia copiapina (Euphorbiaceae), Oenothera coquimbensis (Onagraceae) and Skytanthus acutus (Apocynaceae). The dunes in this area often grade into the Bajada slopes, but south of here in the littoral belt from Rio Capiapó to Chanaral many of the desert interior species can be found in coastal dunes together with characteristic species such as the endemic Babia ambrosioides (family?), Eulychnia acida (Cactaceae), Heliotropium stenophyllum (Boraginaceae) and Nolana divaricata (Nolanaceae). South of Chanaral, several characteristic species such as the endemic Dinemandra ericoides (Malpighiaceae) and Nolana aplocaryoides (Nolanaceae) reach their southern limit. Further south around La Serena the dunes are dominated by Tetragonia maritima and the endemic Nolana divaricata (Nolanaceae), while associated species include Ephedra breana and the endemic Nolana carnosa (Nolanaceae).

 

Northern Chilean-Southern Peruvian Desert Vegetation

The vegetation in the arid interior valleys and above and below the lomas is very sparse. In the south there is slightly more precipitation. In the region between La Serena and Rio Copiapo, for example, there are succulent communities in the interior. These include mound-forming species of Eulychnia and Tephrocactus together with shrubby endemic species such as Adesmia argentea (Fabaceae), Bulnesia chilensis (Zygophyllaceae), Cordia decandra (Boraginaceae) and Heliotropium stenophyllum (Boraginaceae). However, between Vallenar and Copiapo, the interior vegetation is virtually absent. Scattered perennial endemics such as Argylia radiata (Bignoniaceae), Caesalpina angulata (Fabaceae), Nolana pterocarpa (Nolanaceae), Polyachyrus fusco (Asteraceae) and a few other species are the only significant plants for many kilometers. Above and below the fog-zones, vegetation cover also drops sharply. Above the fog-zone between Chanaral and Antofagasta there are stands of Copiapoa together with various endemic Nolana species such as N. peruviana, N. sedifolia, N. stenophyllum and N.villosa (Nolanaceae) and shrubby endemics like Gypothamnium pinifolium (Asteraceae) and Polyachyrus cinereus (Asteraceae). Below the fog-zone there are often dense mounds of the endemic Deuterocohnia chrysantha (Bromeliaceae) and Puya boliviensis in the transition zone to more arid conditions, but in the arid zone proper the vegetation is often reduced to scattered shrubs of species such as the endemic Copiapoa haseltoniana (Cactaceae). Further north in the Sechura Desert of northern Peru there are large areas that support very little vegetation, but Parkinsonia aculeata and the narrow endemic Alternanthera peruviana (Amaranthaceae) can be locally common. Much of the flat sandy terrain, however, is devoid of vegetation but the dunes are often colonized and stabilized by Capparis scabrida together with Cryptocarpus pyriformis and Distichlis spicata.

Further information required.

 

References

Anon. 1996. Habitats of South America. Institute of Terrestrial Ecology and Intitut Royal Des Sciences Naturelles De Belgique.

Arakaki, M. & Cano, A. 2003. Floristic composition of river llo-Moquegua basin and Lomas of ll0, Moquehua, Peru. Revista Peruana de Biologia, 10: 5-19. (in Spanish).

Cereceda, P. et al. Geographical description of three fog ecosystems in the Atacama coastal desert of Chile. Online Report.

Dillon, M. O., Nakazawa, M. & Gonzáles, S. L. 2003. The lomas formations of coastal Peru: composition and biogeographic history. In: El Nino in Peru: Biology and Culture Over 10,000 Years. Eds. J. Haas and M. O. Dillon. Fieldiana, Botany. New Series No. 43.

Fernandez, O. A., Bóo, R. M. & Sánchez, L. F. 1989. South American Shrublands. In: The Biology and Utilization of Shrubs. Ed. C. M. McKell. Academic Press, Inc.

Latorre, C., Betancourt, J. L., Rylander, K. A., Quade, J. & Matthei, O. 2003. A vegetation history from the arid prepuna of northern Chile (22-23 o S) over the last 13500 years. Palaeo, 194: 223-246.

Péfaur, J. E. 1982. Dynamics of plant communities in the Lomas of southern Peru. Vegetatio, 49: 163-171.

Rundel, P. W. & Mahu, M. 1976. Community structure and diversity in a coastal fog desert in northern Chile. Flora, 165: 493-505.

Rundel, P. W., Dillon, M. O. & Palma, B. 1996. Flora and vegetation of Pan de Azucar National Park in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile. Gayana Botanica, 53: 295-315.

Rundel, P. W., Dillon, M. O., Palma, B., Mooney, H. A., Gulmon, S. L. & Ehleringer, J. R. 1991. The phytogeography and ecology of the coastal Atacama and Peruvian deserts. Aliso, 13: 1-49.

Veblen, T. T., Young, K. R. & Orme, A. R. 2007. The Physical Geography of South America. Oxford University Press.